El Juez Como Víctima Indirecta En los Procedimientos Penales y su Posible Impedimento Para Dictar Sentencia: Análisis de la Solicitud de Impedimento n.º 165 del Tribunal Supremo Federal de Brasil
Palabras clave:
Acción de Impedimento No. 165, Plan “Daga Verde y Amarilla”, Golpe de Estado, Juez, Víctima indirecta
Resumen
Recientemente, en Brasil, ha habido un constante cuestionamiento sobre si el ministro Alexandre de Moraes, en su calidad de juez, podría actuar en la Petición Nº 12 100, que se tramita ante el Supremo Tribunal Federal. Este caso involucra los posibles delitos cometidos por el expresidente Jair Bolsonaro y sus colegas en relación con un intento de golpe de Estado en 2022. En este contexto, la pregunta que se cubre en el artículo es la siguiente: ¿es posible que el juez, como víctima indirecta de un delito, juzgue el caso, o estaría impedido de hacerlo según el artículo 252, párrafo IV, del Código de Procedimiento Penal? El objetivo del artículo es examinar si el juez, como víctima indirecta, tiene un interés directo en resolver el caso o se convierte en parte de este, lo que le impediría juzgarlo. Para la elaboración del artículo se utilizaron el método deductivo y la investigación cualitativa, así como algunas referencias de los principales estudiosos que abordan el tema, como Nucci (2014), Ferrajoli (2002) y Campos (2024).
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Amado, G., & Barretto, E. (8 de January de 2023). Video: Bolsonarists poop and pee in STF room in terrorist act. Metópoles. https://www.metropoles.com/colunas/guilherme-amado/video-bolsonaristas-evacuam-e-urinam-em-sala-do-stf-em-ato-terrorista
Amorim, J. F. (2023). The (un)constitutionality of abstract danger crimes [Doctoral dissertation, Dom Bosco Higher Education Unit University Center (UNDB)]. http://repositorio.undb.edu.br/bitstream/areas/1205/1/JO%c3%83O%20FELIPE%20MARTINS%20AMORIM.pdf
Araújo, J. (2013). Adversarial and full defense in the police investigation: applicability or not of the principles of adversarial and full defense in the preliminary investigation phase (Publication No. 2013)[Doctoral dissertation, Instituto Brasiliense de Direito Público]. https://repositorio.idp.edu.br/bitstream/123456789/1236/1/Monografia_Jhonatas%20Lopes%20da%20Silva%20Araujo.pdf
Barbosa, P. H. (2019). Drug trafficking and the principle of insignificance: a possible harmonization in the crime of abstract danger [Doctoral dissertation, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro]. https://pantheon.ufrj.br/bitstream/11422/13304/1/PHSBarbosa.pdf
Barboza, H. B. (2007). The reference and support center for victims (CRAVI) and the work with victims of indirect violence. Public Management and Citizenship Notebooks, 12(50). https://periodicos.fgv.br/cgpc/article/view/44072.
Batich, F. L. (2023). The institutes of impediment and suspicion as vectors for measuring specific intent in crimes of abuse of authority. IBCCRIM Bulletin. https://www.publicacoes.ibccrim.org.br/index.php/boletim_1993/article/view/840/216.
Bonavides, P. (2019). Constitutional Law Course (34th ed.). Malheiros Publishing House.
Bourdieu, P. (1989). The strength of law. https://pt.scribd.com/document/581874340/Pierre-Bourdieu-A-forca-do-direito.
Bravim, A. B. (2023). The (un)constitutionality of Inquiry 4,781 and its aspects in light of the Federal Constitution of 1988 (Publication No. 2023) [Doctoral dissertation, Faculty of Law of Vitória]. http://repositorio.fdv.br:8080/bitstream/fdv/1596/1/TCC%20-%20Allyson%20Bastos%20Bravim%20-ok.pdf.
Campos, S. R. (2024). Criminal mega-trials from the perspective of the impartiality principle: Lava Jato and Lesa Pátria operations - an analysis of the actions of Sérgio Moro and Alexandre de Moraes [Doctoral dissertation, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro]. https://pantheon.ufrj.br/bitstream/11422/25317/1/SRCampos_min.pdf
Côrrea, F. d., Pires, E., & Poli, C. (2023). The essential nature of custody hearings for the enforcement of fundamental rights and guarantees. PAIC Notebook - Scientific Initiation Support Program, 24(1), 514-538. https://cadernopaic.fae.emnuvens.com.br/cadernopaic/article/view/557.
dos Santos, B. (2002). The critique of indolent reason: against the waste of experience . Cortez.
dos Santos, S. (2023). Custody hearing in fraternal criminal proceedings. Dialética Publishing House.
Dworkin, R. (1999). The rule of law. Martins Fontes.
Dworkin, R. (2002). Taking Rights Seriously. Martins Fontes.
Fabretti, H. B. (2020). Criminal Law of the Enemy: an analysis from the perspective of citizenship. Editora D'Plácido.
Ferrajoli, L. (2002). Law and reason: theory of penal guarantees (3rd ed.). Revista dos Tribunais Publishing House. .
Gomes, A. d., & Rêgo, C. d. (2022). Constitution and criminal procedure: the accusatory system and the interdependence of the principles of due process, adversarial system and full defense. Journal of the Institute of Constitutional Law and Citizenship, 7(1), 1-17. https://revistadoidcc.com.br/index.php/revista/article/view/161/134.
Greco, R. (2015). Criminal Law Course (17th ed.) . Impetus.
Habermas, J. (1997). Law and democracy: between facticity and validity. https://gestaoeducacaoespecial.ufes.br/sites/gestaoeducacaoespecial.ufes.br/files/field/anexo/habermas_jurgen._direito_e_democracia_vol._i.pdf
Lopes, J. A. (2019). Criminal procedural law (16th ed.). Saraiva Education.
Lordelo, J., & Teixeira, R. (2022). Due process: a history and a proposal. Revista dos Tribunais Online, 333, 1-18.
Martins, L., & Ribeiro, W. (2022). 'You lost, idiot, don't bother': Barroso hits back at Bolsonaro supporter in New York... - See more at . https://noticias.uol.com.br/politica/ultimas-noticias/2022/11/15/luis-roberto-barroso-stf-video-nyc.htm?cmpid=copiaecol
Meireles, E. (2019). Procedural rules contained in the CPC: the rules of impediments and suspicion in the Brazilian process. RJLB, (2), 1171-1188. https://www.cidp.pt/revistas/rjlb/2019/2/2019_02_1171_1188.pdf.
Mendes, C. M., Sanglard, F. N., & Costa, V. S. (2024). Disinformation and implications for democracy: reflections from the January 8 attacks. Semiotic Studies, 20(2), 119-137. https://www.revistas.usp.br/esse/article/view/218951/206899.
Moura, A. X. (2024). The victim as a subject of rights: an approach to victimology in the genesis of crime and in the criminal procedural sphere [Doctoral dissertation, Pontifical Catholic University of Goiás]. https://repositorio.pucgoias.edu.br/jspui/bitstream/123456789/8060/1/AMANDA%20XAVIER%20MOURA.pdf
Neves, E. d. (2010). Criminal Law of the Enemy: an affront to the Democratic Rule of Law? (Publication No. 2010) [Doctoral dissertation, University Center of Brasília - UniCEUB]. . https://repositorio.uniceub.br/jspui/bitstream/123456789/174/3/20839855.p
Nucci, G. d. (2014). Manual of criminal law (10th ed.). Forensic.
Patias, N. D., Bossi, T. J., & Dell'Aglio, D. D. (2014). Repercussions of exposure to domestic violence on the emotional characteristics of children: systematic literature review. Psychology Topics, 22(4), 901-915. https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/5137/5137515.
Patriolino, L. (25 de March de 2025). Bolsonaro's lawyer says there is no evidence against the former president and criticizes Cid's plea bargain. Correio Braziliense: https://www.correiobraziliense.com.br/politica/2025/03/7092984-advogado-de-bolsonaro-diz-que-nao-ha-provas-contra-ex-presidente-e-critica-delacao-de-cid.html.
Pelicho, F., & Carvalho, A. (2022). The judge of guarantees as an effective means of ensuring the fundamental right to impartiality in the criminal justice system. Revista Brasileña de Desarrollo 8(4), 23133-23145.
Picoli, J. V. (2022). The rediscovery of the victim in the preliminary draft of the New Code of Criminal Procedure: a comparative analysis of the concept and the performance in the ordinary procedure [Doctoral dissertation, Faculty of Law of Vitória]. . http://191.252.194.60:8080/bitstream/fdv/1382/1/TCC%20-%20Jo%c3%a3o%20Victor%20Fernandes%20Picoli.pdf
Portari, R. D., Pedrini, J. C., Ferreira, F. V., & Almeida, C. D. (2024). Far-right and attacks on democracy in Brazil: events and construction of frames of meaning in the press. Intexto Magazine, (56), 01-23.
Reis, I., & Hernandez, E. (2024). The Nuremberg Trials. Journal of Earth & Culture: Teaching and Research Notebooks, 40, 60-65. http://publicacoes.unifil.br/index.php/Revistateste/article/view/3209/2987. .
Rodrigues, L. (3 de December de 2024). Can Moraes be prevented from judging Bolsonaro for a coup plot? . ISTOÉ: https://istoe.com.br/moraes-pode-ser-impedido-de-julgar-bolsonaro-por-trama-golpista-entenda/.
Silva, L., & Almeida, M. (2023). The judge’s instructive powers in contemporary procedural models and the limitations imposed by the guarantee of due process. Knowledge and Diversity Journal, 15(37), 530-555. https://revistas.unilasalle.edu.br/index.php/conhecimento_diversidade/article/view/10878.
Silvestre, Y., & Boechat, G. (21 de February de 2025). See the times when Judge Moraes cites victim Moraes in Cid's plea bargain. CNN Brasil. : https://www.cnnbrasil.com.br/politica/veja-as-vezes-em-que-o-juiz-moraes-cita-a-vitima-moraes-em-delacao-de-cid/.
Streck, L. (2014). Constitutional jurisdiction and legal decision. Editora Revista dos Tribunais.
Supremo Tribunal Federal [STF]. (2024). STF rejeita impedimento do ministro Alexandre de Moraes em investigações contra ex-presidente Jair Bolsonaro. https://noticias.stf.jus.br/postsnoticias/stf-rejeita-impedimento-do-ministro-alexandre-de-moraes-em-investigacoes-contra-ex-presidente-jair-bolsonaro/
Supremo Tribunal Federal. (2025a). STF condena mais tres réus pelos atos antidemocráticos de 8/1. https://noticias.stf.jus.br/postsnoticias/stf-condena-mais-tres-reus-pelos-atos-antidemocraticos-de-8-1/.
Supremo Tribunal Superior [STF]. (2025b). Em dois anos, STF responsabilizou 898 pessoas por atos antidemocráticos de 8 de janeiro. https://noticias.stf.jus.br/postsnoticias/em-dois-anos-stf-responsabilizou-898-pessoas-por-atos-antidemocraticos-de-8-de-janeiro/
Távora, N., & Alencar, R. (2015). Criminal procedural law course (10th ed.). JusPODVIM Publishing House.
Woiciechovski, T., & Vidal, N. (2022). Judicial activism and consequences for the impartiality of the judge. Academia de Direito, 4, 1001-1017. http://www.periodicos.unc.br/index.php/acaddir/article/view/3902/1790. .
Writ of Mandamus No. 26,683/2021 of the Supreme Federal Court. (2021). Official Gazette of the Union (DOU), 09/29/2021. .
Xavier, D., & Oliveira, E. (2024). STF jurisdiction: the STF violates the principle of natural judge in judgments related to the acts of 8/1. JRG Journal of Academic Studies, 7(15), 1-16. http://www.revistajrg.com/index.php/jrg/article/view/1682/1372.
Amado, G., & Barretto, E. (8 de January de 2023). Video: Bolsonarists poop and pee in STF room in terrorist act. Metópoles. https://www.metropoles.com/colunas/guilherme-amado/video-bolsonaristas-evacuam-e-urinam-em-sala-do-stf-em-ato-terrorista
Amorim, J. F. (2023). The (un)constitutionality of abstract danger crimes [Doctoral dissertation, Dom Bosco Higher Education Unit University Center (UNDB)]. http://repositorio.undb.edu.br/bitstream/areas/1205/1/JO%c3%83O%20FELIPE%20MARTINS%20AMORIM.pdf
Araújo, J. (2013). Adversarial and full defense in the police investigation: applicability or not of the principles of adversarial and full defense in the preliminary investigation phase (Publication No. 2013)[Doctoral dissertation, Instituto Brasiliense de Direito Público]. https://repositorio.idp.edu.br/bitstream/123456789/1236/1/Monografia_Jhonatas%20Lopes%20da%20Silva%20Araujo.pdf
Barbosa, P. H. (2019). Drug trafficking and the principle of insignificance: a possible harmonization in the crime of abstract danger [Doctoral dissertation, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro]. https://pantheon.ufrj.br/bitstream/11422/13304/1/PHSBarbosa.pdf
Barboza, H. B. (2007). The reference and support center for victims (CRAVI) and the work with victims of indirect violence. Public Management and Citizenship Notebooks, 12(50). https://periodicos.fgv.br/cgpc/article/view/44072.
Batich, F. L. (2023). The institutes of impediment and suspicion as vectors for measuring specific intent in crimes of abuse of authority. IBCCRIM Bulletin. https://www.publicacoes.ibccrim.org.br/index.php/boletim_1993/article/view/840/216.
Bonavides, P. (2019). Constitutional Law Course (34th ed.). Malheiros Publishing House.
Bourdieu, P. (1989). The strength of law. https://pt.scribd.com/document/581874340/Pierre-Bourdieu-A-forca-do-direito.
Bravim, A. B. (2023). The (un)constitutionality of Inquiry 4,781 and its aspects in light of the Federal Constitution of 1988 (Publication No. 2023) [Doctoral dissertation, Faculty of Law of Vitória]. http://repositorio.fdv.br:8080/bitstream/fdv/1596/1/TCC%20-%20Allyson%20Bastos%20Bravim%20-ok.pdf.
Campos, S. R. (2024). Criminal mega-trials from the perspective of the impartiality principle: Lava Jato and Lesa Pátria operations - an analysis of the actions of Sérgio Moro and Alexandre de Moraes [Doctoral dissertation, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro]. https://pantheon.ufrj.br/bitstream/11422/25317/1/SRCampos_min.pdf
Côrrea, F. d., Pires, E., & Poli, C. (2023). The essential nature of custody hearings for the enforcement of fundamental rights and guarantees. PAIC Notebook - Scientific Initiation Support Program, 24(1), 514-538. https://cadernopaic.fae.emnuvens.com.br/cadernopaic/article/view/557.
dos Santos, B. (2002). The critique of indolent reason: against the waste of experience . Cortez.
dos Santos, S. (2023). Custody hearing in fraternal criminal proceedings. Dialética Publishing House.
Dworkin, R. (1999). The rule of law. Martins Fontes.
Dworkin, R. (2002). Taking Rights Seriously. Martins Fontes.
Fabretti, H. B. (2020). Criminal Law of the Enemy: an analysis from the perspective of citizenship. Editora D'Plácido.
Ferrajoli, L. (2002). Law and reason: theory of penal guarantees (3rd ed.). Revista dos Tribunais Publishing House. .
Gomes, A. d., & Rêgo, C. d. (2022). Constitution and criminal procedure: the accusatory system and the interdependence of the principles of due process, adversarial system and full defense. Journal of the Institute of Constitutional Law and Citizenship, 7(1), 1-17. https://revistadoidcc.com.br/index.php/revista/article/view/161/134.
Greco, R. (2015). Criminal Law Course (17th ed.) . Impetus.
Habermas, J. (1997). Law and democracy: between facticity and validity. https://gestaoeducacaoespecial.ufes.br/sites/gestaoeducacaoespecial.ufes.br/files/field/anexo/habermas_jurgen._direito_e_democracia_vol._i.pdf
Lopes, J. A. (2019). Criminal procedural law (16th ed.). Saraiva Education.
Lordelo, J., & Teixeira, R. (2022). Due process: a history and a proposal. Revista dos Tribunais Online, 333, 1-18.
Martins, L., & Ribeiro, W. (2022). 'You lost, idiot, don't bother': Barroso hits back at Bolsonaro supporter in New York... - See more at . https://noticias.uol.com.br/politica/ultimas-noticias/2022/11/15/luis-roberto-barroso-stf-video-nyc.htm?cmpid=copiaecol
Meireles, E. (2019). Procedural rules contained in the CPC: the rules of impediments and suspicion in the Brazilian process. RJLB, (2), 1171-1188. https://www.cidp.pt/revistas/rjlb/2019/2/2019_02_1171_1188.pdf.
Mendes, C. M., Sanglard, F. N., & Costa, V. S. (2024). Disinformation and implications for democracy: reflections from the January 8 attacks. Semiotic Studies, 20(2), 119-137. https://www.revistas.usp.br/esse/article/view/218951/206899.
Moura, A. X. (2024). The victim as a subject of rights: an approach to victimology in the genesis of crime and in the criminal procedural sphere [Doctoral dissertation, Pontifical Catholic University of Goiás]. https://repositorio.pucgoias.edu.br/jspui/bitstream/123456789/8060/1/AMANDA%20XAVIER%20MOURA.pdf
Neves, E. d. (2010). Criminal Law of the Enemy: an affront to the Democratic Rule of Law? (Publication No. 2010) [Doctoral dissertation, University Center of Brasília - UniCEUB]. . https://repositorio.uniceub.br/jspui/bitstream/123456789/174/3/20839855.p
Nucci, G. d. (2014). Manual of criminal law (10th ed.). Forensic.
Patias, N. D., Bossi, T. J., & Dell'Aglio, D. D. (2014). Repercussions of exposure to domestic violence on the emotional characteristics of children: systematic literature review. Psychology Topics, 22(4), 901-915. https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/5137/5137515.
Patriolino, L. (25 de March de 2025). Bolsonaro's lawyer says there is no evidence against the former president and criticizes Cid's plea bargain. Correio Braziliense: https://www.correiobraziliense.com.br/politica/2025/03/7092984-advogado-de-bolsonaro-diz-que-nao-ha-provas-contra-ex-presidente-e-critica-delacao-de-cid.html.
Pelicho, F., & Carvalho, A. (2022). The judge of guarantees as an effective means of ensuring the fundamental right to impartiality in the criminal justice system. Revista Brasileña de Desarrollo 8(4), 23133-23145.
Picoli, J. V. (2022). The rediscovery of the victim in the preliminary draft of the New Code of Criminal Procedure: a comparative analysis of the concept and the performance in the ordinary procedure [Doctoral dissertation, Faculty of Law of Vitória]. . http://191.252.194.60:8080/bitstream/fdv/1382/1/TCC%20-%20Jo%c3%a3o%20Victor%20Fernandes%20Picoli.pdf
Portari, R. D., Pedrini, J. C., Ferreira, F. V., & Almeida, C. D. (2024). Far-right and attacks on democracy in Brazil: events and construction of frames of meaning in the press. Intexto Magazine, (56), 01-23.
Reis, I., & Hernandez, E. (2024). The Nuremberg Trials. Journal of Earth & Culture: Teaching and Research Notebooks, 40, 60-65. http://publicacoes.unifil.br/index.php/Revistateste/article/view/3209/2987. .
Rodrigues, L. (3 de December de 2024). Can Moraes be prevented from judging Bolsonaro for a coup plot? . ISTOÉ: https://istoe.com.br/moraes-pode-ser-impedido-de-julgar-bolsonaro-por-trama-golpista-entenda/.
Silva, L., & Almeida, M. (2023). The judge’s instructive powers in contemporary procedural models and the limitations imposed by the guarantee of due process. Knowledge and Diversity Journal, 15(37), 530-555. https://revistas.unilasalle.edu.br/index.php/conhecimento_diversidade/article/view/10878.
Silvestre, Y., & Boechat, G. (21 de February de 2025). See the times when Judge Moraes cites victim Moraes in Cid's plea bargain. CNN Brasil. : https://www.cnnbrasil.com.br/politica/veja-as-vezes-em-que-o-juiz-moraes-cita-a-vitima-moraes-em-delacao-de-cid/.
Streck, L. (2014). Constitutional jurisdiction and legal decision. Editora Revista dos Tribunais.
Supremo Tribunal Federal [STF]. (2024). STF rejeita impedimento do ministro Alexandre de Moraes em investigações contra ex-presidente Jair Bolsonaro. https://noticias.stf.jus.br/postsnoticias/stf-rejeita-impedimento-do-ministro-alexandre-de-moraes-em-investigacoes-contra-ex-presidente-jair-bolsonaro/
Supremo Tribunal Federal. (2025a). STF condena mais tres réus pelos atos antidemocráticos de 8/1. https://noticias.stf.jus.br/postsnoticias/stf-condena-mais-tres-reus-pelos-atos-antidemocraticos-de-8-1/.
Supremo Tribunal Superior [STF]. (2025b). Em dois anos, STF responsabilizou 898 pessoas por atos antidemocráticos de 8 de janeiro. https://noticias.stf.jus.br/postsnoticias/em-dois-anos-stf-responsabilizou-898-pessoas-por-atos-antidemocraticos-de-8-de-janeiro/
Távora, N., & Alencar, R. (2015). Criminal procedural law course (10th ed.). JusPODVIM Publishing House.
Woiciechovski, T., & Vidal, N. (2022). Judicial activism and consequences for the impartiality of the judge. Academia de Direito, 4, 1001-1017. http://www.periodicos.unc.br/index.php/acaddir/article/view/3902/1790. .
Writ of Mandamus No. 26,683/2021 of the Supreme Federal Court. (2021). Official Gazette of the Union (DOU), 09/29/2021. .
Xavier, D., & Oliveira, E. (2024). STF jurisdiction: the STF violates the principle of natural judge in judgments related to the acts of 8/1. JRG Journal of Academic Studies, 7(15), 1-16. http://www.revistajrg.com/index.php/jrg/article/view/1682/1372.
Publicado
2025-09-15
Cómo citar
e Silva Neta, E. A. (2025). El Juez Como Víctima Indirecta En los Procedimientos Penales y su Posible Impedimento Para Dictar Sentencia: Análisis de la Solicitud de Impedimento n.º 165 del Tribunal Supremo Federal de Brasil. Ius Humani. Revista De Derecho, 14(2), 405-444. https://doi.org/10.31207/ih.v14i2.440
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