Commercial protectionism as a response to the globalization crisis in the West: Trump and Brexit
Keywords:
Trump, Brexit, protectionism, trade agreements
Abstract
In recent years, we have witnessed a significant turn towards commercial protectionism as a response to what some perceive as clear discontent provoked by the current process of globalization. Our work will focus on two of the most emblematic events symbolizing this trend: the presidency of Donald J. Trump (2017-2021) in the United States and the Brexit referendum in the United Kingdom. Trump marked a turning point in U.S. trade policy, advocating an "America First" approach that included imposing tariffs and renegotiating international trade agreements. On the other hand, the 2016 Brexit referendum and the subsequent UK's departure from the European Union in 2020 represented a paradigmatic case of regional protectionism. Therefore, we will explore how Brexit affected trade relations between the UK and the EU, as well as its position on the international stage. Along these lines, we will discuss the broader implications of these two dynamics in the context of the globalization crisis: Do these movements pose a sustainable challenge to the existing global economic order, or are they temporary responses to specific issues? What lessons can be drawn from these experiences for the future management of trade conflicts?
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References
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de Búrca, G. (2018). How British was the Brexit vote? In B. Martill & U. Staiger (Eds.), Brexit and Beyond: Rethinking the Futures of Europe (pp. 46–52). UCL Press.
De Spiegeleire, S., Skinner, C., Sweijs, T., Oliveira, M. M., Siebenga, R., Bekkers, F., Farnham, N., Novak, E., van Manen, B., Fersko, H., Vasconcellos, J., Faber, P., Jans, K., & Solodovnik, Y. (2017). Where Does PopSov Come from? In THE RISE OF POPULIST SOVEREIGNISM: What It Is, Where It Comes from, and What It Means for International Security and Defense (pp. 43–54). Hague Centre for Strategic Studies.
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Gandesha, S. (2018). Understanding Right and Left Populism. In J. Morelock (Ed.), Critical Theory and Authoritarian Populism (Vol. 9, pp. 49–70). University of Westminster Press.
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Gourevitch, P. (1978). The second image reversed: The international sources of domestic politics. International Organization, 32, 881–912.
Hagan, J. (1993). Political Opposition and Foreign Policy in Comparative Perspective. Lynne Rienner.
Holsti, O. (1962). The belief system and national images: A case study. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 6(3), 244–52.
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Hudson, V. M., & Vore, C. S. (1995). Foreign Policy Analysis Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow. Mershon International Studies Review, 39(2), 209–238. https://doi.org/10.2307/222751
Huidrom, R., Mulas-Granados, C., Papi, L., & Stavrev, E. (2019, 3 de julio). Shocks arancelarios: El papel de las cadenas de valor en Europa. *International Monetary Fund [IMF]*. https://www.imf.org/es/Blogs/Articles/2019/07/03/blog-tariff-shocks-the-role-of-value-chains-in-europe
Jensen, L. (1982). Explaining Foreign Policy. Prentice Hall.
Jervis, R. (1968). Hypotheses on misperception. World Politics, 20(3), 454–79.
Johansson, V. (2014). The Security and Development Nexus: A Policy Analysis. Peace and Development Studies Tutor: Manuela Nilsson Fall 2014/2115 Course code: 2FU31E. https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:784285/FULLTEXT01.pdf
Katzenstein, P. (1976). ‘International relations and domestic structures: Foreign economic policies of advanced industrial states’. International Organization, 30(1), 1–45.
Kersten, E. y Reinsch, W.A. (2023). The WTO Panel Report on Chinese Tariffs: Consequences of a Broken Appellate Body. *CSIS*. https://www.csis.org/analysis/wto-panel-report-chinese-tariffs-consequences-broken-appellate-body
Khosravinik, M. (2017). Right Wing Populism in the West: Social Media Discourse and Echo Chambers. Insight Turkey, 19(3), 53–68. http://www.jstor.org/stable/26300530
Local Government Association. (2021, September 7). Councils' role in supporting the exports industry. https://www.local.gov.uk/publications/councils-role-supporting-exports-industry
Malik, S. (2018). Post-Brexit Scenario: The European Union under Threat. Strategic Studies, 38(4), 90–109. https://www.jstor.org/stable/48544279
Marsh, K. (2014). Obama’s surge: A bureaucratic politics analysis of the decision to order a troop surge in the Afghanistan war. Foreign Policy Analysis, 10(3), 265–288.
Neack, L. (1995). Linking state type with foreign policy behaviour. In L. Neack, J. Hey & P. Haney (Eds.), Foreign Policy Analysis: Continuity and Change in Its Second Generation. Prentice Hall.
Negroponte, D. V. (2023, February 22). The Struggle to Achieve Global Britain. Wilson Center. https://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/struggle-achieve-global-britain
Niblett, R. (2016). Europe is now Britain’s essential relationship. The World Today, 72(6), 16–17. http://www.jstor.org/stable/45180766
Obstfeld, M. (8 de septiembre de 2016). Los aranceles causan más perjuicios que ventajas internamente. *International Monetary Fund (IMF)*. https://www.imf.org/es/Blogs/Articles/2016/09/08/tariffs-do-more-harm-than-good-at-home
Organización Mundial del Comercio. (2011). *World Trade Report 2011*. https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/booksp_e/anrep_e/wtr11-2a_e.pdf
O’Connor, N. (2017). Three Connections between Rising Economic Inequality and the Rise of Populism. Irish Studies in International Affairs, 28, 29–43. https://doi.org/10.3318/isia.2017.28.5
Plagemann, J., & Destradi, S. (2020). The Foreign Policy of Populists. Horizons: Journal of International Relations and Sustainable Development, 15, 110–119. https://www.jstor.org/stable/48573640
Requeijo, J. (1962). Ideas y creencias en la teoría del intercambio internacional: el teorema de Heckscher-Ohlin-Samuelson. *CEPC* https://www.cepc.gob.es/sites/default/files/2021-12/31886recp083181.pdf
Reuters. (2019, December 10). U.S. top trade official lauds USMCA as model for future trade deals. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trade-usmca-lighthizer-idCAKBN1YE255
Risse-Kappen, T. (1991). Public opinion, domestic structure and foreign policy in liberal democracies. World Politics, 43, 491–517.
Rodrik, D. (9 de mayo de 2022). De las cenizas de la hiperglobalización podría surgir una mejor globalización. *Project Syndicate*. https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/after-hyperglobalization-national-interests-open-economy-by-dani-rodrik-2022-05/spanish?barrier=accesspaylog
Rosenau, J. (1967). Domestic Sources of Foreign Policy. Free Press.
Rowland, R. C. (2019). The Populist and Nationalist Roots of Trump’s Rhetoric. Rhetoric and Public Affairs, 22(3), 343–388. https://doi.org/10.14321/rhetpublaffa.22.3.0343
Rummel, R. (1995). Democracies are less warlike than other regimes. European Journal of International Relations, 1(4), 457–479.
Salmore, B., & Salmore, S. (1978). Political regimes and foreign policy. In M. East, S. Salmore & C. Hermann (Eds.), Why Nations Act: Theoretical Perspectives for Comparative Foreign Policy (pp. 103–122). Beverly Hills, CA.
Schilling, R. W., Hammond, P. Y., & Snyder, G. H. (1962). Strategy, Politics, and Defense Budgets. Columbia University, Institute of War and Peace Studies.
Snyder, R., Bruck, H., & Sapin, B. (1962). Foreign Policy Decision-Making: An Approach to the Study of International Politics. Macmillan.
Sprout, H., & Sprout, M. (1956). Man – Milieu Relationship Hypotheses in the Context of International Politics. Princeton University Press.
Starr, H. (1988). Rosenau, Pre-Theories and the evolution of the comparative study of the Foreign Policy. International Interactions, 14 (1), 3-15.
Stein, J. G. (2008)., ‘Foreign policy decision making: Rational, psychological and neurological models’, in Steven Smith, Amelia Hadfield and Timothy Dunne (eds.) Foreign Policy: Theories, Actors, Cases. Oxford University Press.
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Published
2024-02-25
How to Cite
Medina Rivas Plata, A. (2024). Commercial protectionism as a response to the globalization crisis in the West: Trump and Brexit. Ius Humani. Law Journal, 13(1), 68-94. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.31207/ih.v13i1.345
Section
Papers
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