How to Deduce Human Rights From Natural Law and Other Disciplines
Keywords:
Human rights, natural rights, natural law, legal methodology, Natural Law Formula
Abstract
This research aims to detect the methodologies scholars use to conclude what is a human right or a natural right. For most of them, the mere citation of an article of the constitution or law does not provide enough justification for rights, and they usually resort to other supra-positive elements which are summarized in the “Natural Law Formula”. Commonly, they will appeal to human dignity, some psychological or natural inclinations, the values of society, some important goods, goals and means, and to certain principles coined in different places of the legal system. This Article discuss how authors deal with these starting points in their analysis, which precisely are the main elements of the mentioned formula.
After showing how the formula works in the human rights field, we consider new possible applications of the versatile formula. It can be used deducing legal conclusions from general principles, ends, values and other elements, and inferring general standards from specific cases, as well. While scholars tend to use the deductive methodology that goes from the general to the particular, courts use the inductive methodology that goes from the case law to the general rules and standards.
Finally, the Article introduces new applications of the formula in different sciences and arts related to the human being, like anthropology, ethics, and economics. Thus, this study shows how the formula can be used to develop interdisciplinary studies.
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References
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Black, V. (1990). On connecting natural rights with natural law. Persona y Derecho, 22, 183-210.
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Butculescu, C. (2016). Considerations regarding the integration of fundamental human rights in the system of natural law. Perspectives of Business Law, 5, 189-204.
Butler, N. (1902). Natural rights. American Law Review, 36, 481-497.
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Friedman, O., & Neary, K. (2009). First possession beyond the law: adults’ and young children’s intuitions about ownership. Tulane Law Review, 83(3), 679-690.
Fuller, L. (1958). Human purpose and natural law. Natural Law Forum, 3, 68-76.
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García, J. (2006). Escritos de Antropología Filosófica. Eunsa.
García-Huidobro, J. (1999). How is the natural law known? Rechtstheorie, 30(4), 479-494.
Gelinas, E. (1970). Jus and lex in Thomas Aquinas. American Journal of Jurisprudence, 15, 154-170.
George, R. (Spring 2009). Natural law, God, and human rights. Journal of Law, Philosophy and Culture, 3, 131-134.
Griffin, J. (2008). On human rights. Oxford University Press.
Hart, H. (2012). Essays on Bentham: studies in jurisprudence and political theory. Clarendon Press.
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Hervada, J. (2000). Lecciones propedéuticas de Filosofía del Derecho (3th ed.). Eunsa.
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Honoré, T. (2010). Justinian’s digest: character and compilation. Oxford University Press.
Hsieh, N. (2016). Incommensurable values. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/value-incommensurable/
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Leiter, B., & Weisberg, M. (2009). Why evolutionary biology is (so far) irrelevant to legal regulation. Law And Philosophy, 29(1), 31-74.
Locke, J. (1995 [1690]). Two treatises of government. Fordham University Press.
Lücke, H. (2012). The european natural law codes: the age of reason and the powers of government. University of Queensland Law Journal, 31, 7-38.
Maclntyre, A. (2007). After virtue. Universidad of Notre Dame Press.
Maritain, J. (1943). The rights of man and the natural law. Charles Scribner’s Sons.
Masiello, R. (1979). Some brave ideas on an old rule of law: the natural law according to Jacques Maritain—Jacques Maritain on the natural law and human rights. Catholic Law, 25, 1-7.
Massini-Correas, C. (1993). The fallacy of the naturalistic fallacy. Persona y Derecho, 29, 47-96.
Mather, H. (2001). Natural law and liberalism. South Carolina Law Review, 52, 331-376.
McCall, B. (2020). What good is John Finnis? Assessing the personal and common good in natural law and natural rights. Persona y Derecho, 83, 637-668.
Milgate, M. (2006). Human rights and natural law: from Bracton to Blackstone. Legal History 10, 53-70.
Miller, J. (2007). Natural law: the perennial Phoenix. Trinity Law Review, 14, 65-96.
Molano, E. (2008). Natural law and human rights. Ius Canonicum, 48(96), 611-630.
Moore, G. (1993). Principia ethica. (Thomas Baldwin, ed.). Cambridge University.
Moore, M. (1985). A natural law theory of interpretation. Southern California Law Review, 58, 376-395.
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Pico della Mirandola, G. (1496, 1942). De Dignitate Hominis. Vallecchi.
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Riofrío, J. (2016). Metafísica jurídica realista. Marcial Pons.
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Riofrío, J. (2019). Kelsen, the new inverted pyramid and the classics of constitutional law. Russian Law Journal, 7, 87-118.
Riofrío, J. (2021). The right to feast and festivals. Vanderbilt Journal of Entertainment and Technology Law, 23.
Riofrío, J. (2022). The natural law formula and the missing link: tracing and updating Aquinas’ methodology. Forum Prawnicze, 74(6), 5-31.
Rousseau, F. (1982). La croissance solidaire des droits de l’homme: un rétour aux sources de l’ethique. Desclée-Bellarmin.
Samuelson, P., & Nordhaus, W. (2014). Economics. Irwin McGraw-Hill.
Sánchez de la Torre, A. (1990). Natural law and human rights. Persona y Derecho, 22, 241-258.
Sangiuliano, A. (2014). Towards a natural law foundationalist theory of universal human rights. Transnational Legal Theory, 5(2), 218-240.
Sol, T. (2017). Droit Subjectif Ou Droit Objectif? La Notion De Ius En Droit Sacramentaire Au XII Siècle. Brepols. https://doi.org/10.1484/M.MEMPT-EB.5.113390
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Tasioulas, J. (2012). Towards a Philosophy of Human Rights. Current Legal Problems, 65(1), 1-30.
Taylor, S., Anderson, H., & Tyron, E. (1991). Neuropsychologists and neurolawyers. Neuropsychology, 5(4), 293-305.
Villey, M. (2002). Leçons d’Histoire de la Philosophie du Droit. Dalloz.
Viola, F. (1999). For a rights-based morality. En E. Banús & A. Llano (eds.), Razón práctica y multiculturalismo: Actas del 1er Simposio Internacional de Filosofía y Ciencias Sociales (págs. 357-368). Newbook.
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Wroczynski, K. (1988). Remarks on human rights and natural law. The Review of Comparative Law, 2, 27-40.
Wu, J. (1954). The natural law and our common law. Fordham Law Review, 23.
Zaborowski, H. (2010). Robert Spaemann’s philosophy of the human person: nature, freedom, and the critique of modernity. Oxford University Press.
Zuckert, M. (1997). Do natural rights derive from natural law. Harvard Journal of Law & Public Policy
Andorno, R. (1998). Universality of human rights and natural law. Persona y Derecho, 38, 35-50.
Andorno, R. (2001). The paradoxical notion of human dignity. Rivista Internazionale di Filosofia del Diritto, 78(2), 151-68.
Aquinas, T. (1922). The Summa Theologica. (Fathers of the English Dominican Province, trad.). Burns Oates and Washbourne.
Aristotle. (2009). Metaphysics. En M. Crubellier & A. Laks (eds.), Symposium Aristotelicum. Oxford University Press.
Aristotle. (2017). De anima. (C.D.C. Reeve, trad.). Hackett Publishing Company.
Barnett, R. (1997). A law professor’s guide to natural law and natural rights. Harvard Journal of Law & Public Policy, 20(3), 655-682.
Barros, B. (2011). The Biology of Possession. Widener Law Journal, 20(2), 291-318.
Beitz, C. (2009). The idea of human rights. Oxford University Press.
Bentham, J. (1900). Manuscript collection box 69. University College London.
Bentham, J. (1952). Supply without Burthen. In W. Stark (ed.), Economic writings. George Allen and Unwin.
Bermann, G.. (1978). The principle of proportionality. American Journal of Comparative Law, (Sup. 26), 415-432.
Black, V. (1990). On connecting natural rights with natural law. Persona y Derecho, 22, 183-210.
Bonilla-Maldonado, D. (2018). El constitucionalismo radical ambiental y la diversidad cultural en América Latina. Los derechos de la naturaleza y el buen vivir en Ecuador y Bolivia. Revista Derecho del Estado, 42, 3-23.
Borriello, F. (2020). Principle of proportionality and the principle of reasonableness. Revista European Administrative Law, 13, 155-175.
Boyd, C. (2004). Was Thomas Aquinas a Sociobiologist? Thomistic Natural Law, Rational Goods, and Sociobiology. Zygon, 39(3), 659-680.
Butculescu, C. (2016). Considerations regarding the integration of fundamental human rights in the system of natural law. Perspectives of Business Law, 5, 189-204.
Butler, N. (1902). Natural rights. American Law Review, 36, 481-497.
Cambridge University Press. (2022). Cambridge Dictionary. https://dictionary.cambridge.org
Carbone, J., & Cahn, N. (2006). Examining the biological bases of family law: lessons to be learned for the evolutionary analysis of law. International Journal of Law in Context, 2(3), 277-292.
Cassase, A. (1996). Inhuman states: imprisonment, detention and torture in Europe today. Cambridge Polity Press.
Catholic Church. (1964). Pastoral Constitution Gaudium et Spes. Editrice Vaticana.
Catholic Church. (1992). Catechism of the Catholic Church. Editrice Vaticana.
Cianciardo, J. (2014). The culture of rights, constitutions and natural law. Journal of Comparative Law, 8(2), 267-87.
Cicero, M. (1972-1983). De Legibus. En W. Heinemann (ed.), Cicero, M. T. (1972-1983). Cicero in twenty-eight volumes. Harvard University Press.
Crowe, J. (2009). Explaining Natural rights: ontological freedom and the foundations of political discourse. NYU Journal of Law & Liberty, 4, 70-111.
Dworkin, R. (1978). Taking rights seriously. Duckworth.
Dworkin, R. (1985). A matter of principle. Harvard University Press.
Dworkin, R. (1986). Law’s empire. Harvard University Press.
Dworkin, R. (1977). “The Model of Rules I”, reprinted in Taking Rights Seriously. Harvard University Press.
Eekelaar, J. (2002). Judges and citizens: two conceptions of law. Oxford Journal of Legal Studies, 22(3), 497-516.
Enders, C. (1997). Die menschenwürde in der verfassungsordnung. Eisenbrauns.
Feinberg, J. (1992). In defence of moral rights. Oxford Journal of Legal Studies, 14, 149-69.
Finnis, J. (1983). Fundamentals of ethics. Georgetown University Press.
Finnis, J. (2011). Natural law and natural rights (2.a ed.). Oxford University Press.
Finnis, J. (2013). Human rights & common good. Collected Essays, vol. III. Oxford University Press.
Finnis, J., Grisez, G., & Boyle, J. (1987). Practical principles, moral truth and ultimate ends. American Journal of Jurisprudence, 32, 99-151.
Flippen, D. (2020). The relation between reason and goodness in John Finnis. Persona y Derecho, 82, 65-102.
Friedman, O., & Neary, K. (2009). First possession beyond the law: adults’ and young children’s intuitions about ownership. Tulane Law Review, 83(3), 679-690.
Fuller, L. (1958). Human purpose and natural law. Natural Law Forum, 3, 68-76.
Gandhi, M. (1910). Indian home rule. International Print Press.
García, J. (2006). Escritos de Antropología Filosófica. Eunsa.
García-Huidobro, J. (1999). How is the natural law known? Rechtstheorie, 30(4), 479-494.
Gelinas, E. (1970). Jus and lex in Thomas Aquinas. American Journal of Jurisprudence, 15, 154-170.
George, R. (Spring 2009). Natural law, God, and human rights. Journal of Law, Philosophy and Culture, 3, 131-134.
Griffin, J. (2008). On human rights. Oxford University Press.
Hart, H. (2012). Essays on Bentham: studies in jurisprudence and political theory. Clarendon Press.
Hervada, J. (1981). Introducción crítica al derecho natural. Eunsa.
Hervada, J. (2000). Lecciones propedéuticas de Filosofía del Derecho (3th ed.). Eunsa.
Hickman, T. (2004). The reasonableness principle: reassessing its place in the public sphere. Cambridge Law Journal, 63, 166-198.
Honoré, T. (2010). Justinian’s digest: character and compilation. Oxford University Press.
Hsieh, N. (2016). Incommensurable values. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/value-incommensurable/
Hume, D. (1896). A treatise of human nature. Clarendon Press.
John, P. (2002). Address to the General Assembly of the Pontifical Academy for Life. https://www.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/en/speeches/2002/february/documents/hf_jp-ii_spe_20020227_pont-acad-life.html
Kant, I. (2012). Groundwork of the metaphysic of morals. Taylor and Francis.
Leiter, B., & Weisberg, M. (2009). Why evolutionary biology is (so far) irrelevant to legal regulation. Law And Philosophy, 29(1), 31-74.
Locke, J. (1995 [1690]). Two treatises of government. Fordham University Press.
Lücke, H. (2012). The european natural law codes: the age of reason and the powers of government. University of Queensland Law Journal, 31, 7-38.
Maclntyre, A. (2007). After virtue. Universidad of Notre Dame Press.
Maritain, J. (1943). The rights of man and the natural law. Charles Scribner’s Sons.
Masiello, R. (1979). Some brave ideas on an old rule of law: the natural law according to Jacques Maritain—Jacques Maritain on the natural law and human rights. Catholic Law, 25, 1-7.
Massini-Correas, C. (1993). The fallacy of the naturalistic fallacy. Persona y Derecho, 29, 47-96.
Mather, H. (2001). Natural law and liberalism. South Carolina Law Review, 52, 331-376.
McCall, B. (2020). What good is John Finnis? Assessing the personal and common good in natural law and natural rights. Persona y Derecho, 83, 637-668.
Milgate, M. (2006). Human rights and natural law: from Bracton to Blackstone. Legal History 10, 53-70.
Miller, J. (2007). Natural law: the perennial Phoenix. Trinity Law Review, 14, 65-96.
Molano, E. (2008). Natural law and human rights. Ius Canonicum, 48(96), 611-630.
Moore, G. (1993). Principia ethica. (Thomas Baldwin, ed.). Cambridge University.
Moore, M. (1985). A natural law theory of interpretation. Southern California Law Review, 58, 376-395.
Pérez, E. (2000). Derecho ambiental. CEP.
Pico della Mirandola, G. (1496, 1942). De Dignitate Hominis. Vallecchi.
Polo, J. (1987). Tener y dar. En F. Fernández (ed.), Estudios sobre la encíclica “Laborem exercens”. BAC.
Postema, G. (1986). Bentham and the Common Law Tradition. Clarendon Press.
Rawls, J. (1999). The law of peoples. Harvard University Press.
Raz, J. (2010). Human rights without foundations. En S. Besson & J. Tasioulas (eds.), The Philosophy of International Law (págs. 312-338). Oxford University Press.
Rhonheimer, M. (2012). Practical reason, human nature, and the epistemology of ethics John Finnis’s contribution to the rediscovery of aristotelian ethical methodology in Aquinas’s moral philosophy: a personal Account. Villanova Law Review, 57(5), 873-888.
Riofrío, J. (2015). El alcance de la noción de dignidad humana: valores y principios jurídicos relacionados. Academia, special number, 203-214.
Riofrío, J. (2016). Metafísica jurídica realista. Marcial Pons.
Riofrio, J. (2019). Evidence and its proof in philosophy and law. Design of a test of evidence. Forum Prawnicze, 53(3), 14-32.
Riofrío, J. (2019). Kelsen, the new inverted pyramid and the classics of constitutional law. Russian Law Journal, 7, 87-118.
Riofrío, J. (2021). The right to feast and festivals. Vanderbilt Journal of Entertainment and Technology Law, 23.
Riofrío, J. (2022). The natural law formula and the missing link: tracing and updating Aquinas’ methodology. Forum Prawnicze, 74(6), 5-31.
Rousseau, F. (1982). La croissance solidaire des droits de l’homme: un rétour aux sources de l’ethique. Desclée-Bellarmin.
Samuelson, P., & Nordhaus, W. (2014). Economics. Irwin McGraw-Hill.
Sánchez de la Torre, A. (1990). Natural law and human rights. Persona y Derecho, 22, 241-258.
Sangiuliano, A. (2014). Towards a natural law foundationalist theory of universal human rights. Transnational Legal Theory, 5(2), 218-240.
Sol, T. (2017). Droit Subjectif Ou Droit Objectif? La Notion De Ius En Droit Sacramentaire Au XII Siècle. Brepols. https://doi.org/10.1484/M.MEMPT-EB.5.113390
Stake, J. (2004). The property instinct. Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences, 359(1451), 1763-1774.
Tasioulas, J. (2012). Towards a Philosophy of Human Rights. Current Legal Problems, 65(1), 1-30.
Taylor, S., Anderson, H., & Tyron, E. (1991). Neuropsychologists and neurolawyers. Neuropsychology, 5(4), 293-305.
Villey, M. (2002). Leçons d’Histoire de la Philosophie du Droit. Dalloz.
Viola, F. (1999). For a rights-based morality. En E. Banús & A. Llano (eds.), Razón práctica y multiculturalismo: Actas del 1er Simposio Internacional de Filosofía y Ciencias Sociales (págs. 357-368). Newbook.
Warren, S., & Brandeis, J. (1890). The right to privacy. Harvard Law Review, 4, 193-220.
Wroczynski, K. (1988). Remarks on human rights and natural law. The Review of Comparative Law, 2, 27-40.
Wu, J. (1954). The natural law and our common law. Fordham Law Review, 23.
Zaborowski, H. (2010). Robert Spaemann’s philosophy of the human person: nature, freedom, and the critique of modernity. Oxford University Press.
Zuckert, M. (1997). Do natural rights derive from natural law. Harvard Journal of Law & Public Policy
Published
2023-10-10
How to Cite
Riofrío Martínez-Villalba, J. (2023). How to Deduce Human Rights From Natural Law and Other Disciplines. Ius Humani. Law Journal, 12(2), 27-52. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.31207/ih.v12i2.327
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